What is Occupational Exposure Banding vs. Control Banding?

Authored by Chemscape’s Angela Wheeler, CIH, CSP

Protecting workers is the goal of industrial hygiene, and different approaches are available. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are the gold standard for protecting workers and emergency response personnel from exposure to airborne concentrations of hazardous materials. However, only a fraction of the approximately 85,000 chemicals in commerce today have OELs, many of which are becoming increasingly outdated. For a newly minted biotech, nanotech, or polymeric substance, an authoritative OEL is not an option. Without an OEL, it is challenging for Occupational Health and Safety professionals to determine the best way to protect workers from harmful exposure to chemicals.

Banding approaches allow users to assign chemicals quickly and accurately into specific categories or bands. Professionals can then make timely decisions based on the best available scientific information.

Control banding and occupational exposure banding are well-established tools designed to objectively evaluate chemical hazards and support risk management decisions in the absence of defined OELs. NIOSH has taken the lead on developing occupational exposure banding. Among the several control banding approaches, one of the best known is COSHH Essentials from the United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive. This post discusses banding in general and does not address the specifics of any one tool.

Key Takeaways

• Both approaches fill the gap left by missing OELs. Only a fraction of the chemicals in commerce have an occupational exposure limit, and banding lets professionals act on the best available hazard information instead.
• Control banding gives you a control. It turns a substance’s GHS hazard information into a recommended control approach, and air monitoring is used to verify that the control works.
• Occupational exposure banding gives you a range. It assigns a chemical to one of five NIOSH bands, A to E, each with an airborne concentration range that exposures must then be measured against.
• Both start from the safety data sheet. Each uses the GHS classification in section 2 of the SDS and follows the hierarchy of controls.
• Choose by what you need to decide. Control banding is faster and needs less expertise; occupational exposure banding suits situations where exposures must be measured to confirm workers are protected.

What is Control Banding vs Occupational Exposure Banding?

Control banding calculates a control method supported by guidance documents that outline controls shown to protect workers’ health. Occupational exposure banding, on the other hand, calculates an exposure limit range to compare to; the user must then determine a method and measure exposures to calculate if workplace conditions are within the range.

Similarities of Control Banding & Occupational Exposure Banding

Both control banding and occupational exposure banding start with hazard information from the substance’s classification according to the Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), which is readily available from section 2 of the substance’s safety data sheets. Both prioritize the hierarchy of controls and provide a decision-making framework to assess chemical substances and develop exposure control guidance, particularly for chemicals without authoritative OELs.

Differences Between Control Banding & Occupational Exposure Banding

Unlike control banding, occupational exposure banding does not produce specific risk management and exposure control recommendations. Instead, the outcome of occupational exposure banding is an occupational exposure band, or OEB, which defines the range of air concentrations expected to protect worker health. Once an OEB is determined, a method must be developed, and measurements taken and analyzed. These bands can be used as targets to help reduce risk. In the NIOSH approach to occupational exposure banding, chemical substances are grouped into one of five bands ranging from A to E. Band E represents the highest hazard while Band A represents the lowest hazard. For risk mitigation purposes, chemicals in Band E are prime candidates for elimination and substitution.

Further, the OEB banding process uses a three-tier approach. Selection of the most appropriate tier for a specific banding situation depends on the quantity and quality of the available data and the training and expertise of the user (ranging from HSE generalist, to experienced IH or toxicologist).

Control banding, in contrast, calculates a control approach based on the GHS hazard statement and reserves air monitoring for verifying whether the control is effective. If the control approach identified matches the controls available to the worker, there is adequate protection. If the control approach identified is less than what is available in the workplace, there is work to be done. For the vast number of employers with limited health and safety budgets, more resources can be directed toward worker protection and controls, such as general ventilation and containment. Sometimes implementing the controls costs less than measuring airborne concentrations.

Health hazards often do not fit into many standard risk matrices. Control banding is an internationally recognized method to not only define risk levels but guide controls. If controls are prohibitively expensive, then measurements can be taken to confirm both the need for controls and their effectiveness. Control banding can protect workers faster with less expertise.

Control banding vs occupational exposure banding: a quick reference

The five NIOSH occupational exposure bands

Chemicals in Band E are prime candidates for elimination or substitution.

The Importance of Implementing a Banding Strategy

Using a banding strategy adds consistency and objectivity to chemical assessments. Too often, a lower level of control is chosen due to an incomplete hazard analysis, or the analysis is biased by the controls currently available or accepted for a task. Because categories and combinations of controls available for a given exposure scenario are not unlimited, they can be defined, ranked, and applied to a wide range of work sites.

The main objective for both control banding and occupational exposure banding is to protect workers, just in different ways: control banding is fast and easy, and will define risk levels and controls, while occupational exposure banding is available if measurements must be taken to confirm the effectiveness of controls to protect workers.

Note that these banding approaches are solely based on the toxicity information available for a specific chemical substance, whereas OELs are influenced by additional factors. When banding approaches have been compared against available OELs, research has found that COSHH control banding and the NIOSH tier 1 and 2 banding processes resulted in a band that included the OEL or was more stringent than the OEL.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between control banding and occupational exposure banding?

Control banding produces a recommended control approach for a chemical, based on its GHS hazard information. Occupational exposure banding produces an occupational exposure band, a range of airborne concentrations expected to protect worker health, which workplace exposures must then be measured against.

When should you use banding instead of an occupational exposure limit?

Use banding when a chemical has no authoritative occupational exposure limit, or when its limit is outdated. Only a fraction of the roughly 85,000 chemicals in commerce have OELs, and new biotech, nanotech and polymeric substances usually have none.

What are the NIOSH occupational exposure bands?

NIOSH groups chemicals into five bands, A to E. Band A represents the lowest hazard and Band E the highest, and each band has its own airborne concentration range for particles and for gases and vapours.

What are the three tiers of the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process?

Tier 1 uses GHS hazard information and needs little specialized training. Tier 2 uses toxicological data from publicly available databases, entered into a banding algorithm. Tier 3 relies on expert judgment to evaluate experimental data. The right tier depends on the quantity and quality of the data and the user’s expertise.

Is control banding as protective as an occupational exposure limit?

When banding results have been compared against available OELs, research found that COSHH control banding and the NIOSH tier 1 and 2 processes produced a band that included the OEL or was more stringent than it. Banding is based only on toxicity information, while OELs also reflect other factors.

Where does the information for banding come from?

Both approaches start with the substance’s GHS classification, found in section 2 of its safety data sheet. Higher tiers of occupational exposure banding add toxicological data from published studies and databases.

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Sources

• Exposure Banding (Occupational) | NIOSH
• The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Process for Chemical Risk Management | NIOSH
• COSHH Essentials | HSE
• Hierarchy of Controls | NIOSH